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Some portion of intranasally administered peptides may reach the brain through the olfactory pathway, bypassing the blood-brain barrier that limits systemic delivery to CNS tissues

Apoptosis can be initiated via three principal pathways: the extrinsic (death receptor) pathway, the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway (Figure 2A)

Mucositis, Periodontitis & Gut-Oral Axis KPV is particularly relevant for patients with refractory periodontitis, pericoronitis, chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, or chronic low-grade gingival inflammation unresponsive to conventional scaling

Postponing GLP-1 RAs before endoscopic intervention or surgery may hinder diabetes management and increase cancellation rates without significant advantages

HRT does modestly lower the circulating Lp(a) number