Singly-housing animals, which prevents inter-animal coprophagy, reduces beta diversity of the microbiome compared to stressful (chronic subordinate colony) co-housing conditions 72
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While the medical community has primarily used it for blood sugar and weight management, many of its benefits remain undiscovered
The duration of ischemia (45 minutes) and reperfusion (120 minutes) was selected based on previously validated experimental models demonstrating that this time frame reliably ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ARTICLE IN PRESS ARTICLE IN PRESS induces significant skeletal muscle injury characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, while maintaining model stability and survival.10,12,31,36,71 Anesthesia was induced with ketamine hydrochloride (45 mg/kg
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