doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1736082 Received 30 October 2025 Revised 06 March 2026 Accepted 09 March 2026 Published 26 March 2026 Volume 17 - 2026 Edited by Christian David Sadik, University of Lbeck, Germany Reviewed by Samanta Celeste Funes, CONICET Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research of San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Argentina Igbayilola Yusuff, Baze University, Nigeria Updates Copyright 2026 Yin, Yan, Pei, Rao, Wu, Xue, Sun and Sheng
As with many functions, these effects are likely different in distinct cell types and activation states, but the current data make it difficult to further define this, as both types of receptors act on multiple cell types in both resting and activated states
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However, both ROS and antioxidants have dual roles: ROS can induce cancer cell death, and some antioxidants may paradoxically promote tumour growth by reducing high levels of naturally occurring ROS in cancer cells, which would otherwise damage and kill the cells
Moreover, under alkaline stress conditions, Na content rises above that of K + , resulting in poor nutrient uptake and lack of Na/K homeostasis 8