Notably, participants treated with metformin in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study exhibit significantly elevated Lac-Phe levels compared to non-metformin users (Li et al., 2024)
But a 2025 interview study of 29 self-reported users found something else entirely average age 39, more than three in four men, most introduced to it through gym and bodybuilding circles years before any tanning trend existed online
R., Kroll, R., Goldstein, I., Kaminetsky, J., Spana, C., Lucas, J., Jordan, R., & Portman, D
Cell Communication and Signaling Research by Julianna Kardos et al., published in Cell Communication and Signaling
Plaintiffs allege these companies failed to adequately warn about the risk of severe and sometimes permanent gastrointestinal complications