These substances generate oxidative stress, overwhelming the body's antioxidant defenses, including glutathione
At its core, RUO is a trade-off: wider access and experimentation, in exchange for less oversight and more personal responsibility
In parallel, advances in peptide chemistry and structural biology have enabled the design of aggregation inhibitors, receptor-selective neuropeptide analogues, and cell-penetrating or brain-targeted peptide conjugates that modulate key pathways, including proteostasis, insulin and incretin signaling, neurotrophic support, and microglial activation
Representative micrographs and data processing workflows for each structure are shown in Supplementary Fig
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