Mel is a pineal hormone with lipophilic properties, allowing it to easily cross cell membranes and exert antioxidant effects through both direct and indirect mechanisms.39 Previous studies have reported that melatonin not only scavenges ROS directly but also enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, thereby providing indirect antioxidant defense.17,40 Melatonin is an indoleamine with notable antioxidant properties, making it a promising agent to counteract inflammatory and neoplastic processes and to manage transplantation outcomes.18,41 However, despite strong evidence from animal studies supporting its antioxidant mechanisms, the clinical applications of melatonin in reproductive medicine are still quite limited in the literature.18,19 Similarly, GSH is an endogenous antioxidant capable of neutralizing free radicals and supporting the GSH-dependent peroxidase system

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