Targeting neural reflex circuits in immunity to treat kidney disease
Persistent ROS generation or electrophilic stress can oxidize GSH to GSSG more rapidly than it is reduced, thereby depleting the reduced thiol pool
These individual unimolecular multi-agonists activities seemed to harmonize the overall metabolic efficacy, which predominantly results from synergistic glucagon action to increase energy expenditure, GLP-1 action to reduce caloric intake and improve glucose control, and GIP action to potentiate the incretin effect and buffer against the diabetogenic effect of inherent glucagon activity
The macrophages generate tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), which produces toxic effects on capillary vessels and then damages neurons, inducing cell swelling and decomposition
Therapeutic strategies targeting this cycle -such as Nrf2 activators (sulforaphane), mitochondrial antioxidants (MitoQ), and AGE inhibitors (aminoguanidine)- highlight the dual role of OS as interventions early in DM, which can improve -cell function, while later-stage treatments primarily mitigate complications
