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DNA oxidative damage in mammalian spermatozoa: where and why is the male nucleus affected
Mass spectrometry (MS) confirmation: The COA should confirm the observed mass matches the expected molecular weight of 850.9 g/mol (or the protonated [M+H]+ ion at 851.9 for electrospray ionization MS)
Inflammation can cause damage to healthy cells, tissues and organs, and may cause internal scarring, tissue death and damage to the DNA in previously healthy cells, in addition to being linked to chronic illnesses like cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, diabetes
The number and type of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and ester groups also play a crucial role by facilitating interactions between polyphenols and microbial cells, thereby inhibiting microbial growth (342, 343)