Indole can upregulate the expression of TJ protein mucin and anti-inflammatory factor protein IL-10 in IECs, and downregulate expression of the pro-inflammatory factor IL-8 (117, 118)
Still, the consistency of findings across 32 trials and more than 43,000 participants is hard to dismiss
NAD+ can support cellular energy, recovery and fatigue management, mental clarity during appetite changes, and overall metabolic resilience
Some wellness clinics offer them under provider supervision without a traditional prescription model, but the compounds themselves methionine, inositol, choline, B12 are regulated as injectables and cannot be legally self-administered without prescriber oversight
Other studies have reported that a reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis leads to an increase in anxiety symptoms and the onset of depression (Hanson et al., 2011