Zhou TJ, Zhang MM, Liu DM, Huang LL, Yu HQ, Wang Y, et al
Elevated cAMP acts mainly through the following molecular pathways: inhibition of the ERK pathway, activation of the PKA-AMPK-mTOR pathway, and activation of the p38 signaling pathway [13, 17, 56,57,58]: first, it inhibits the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, decreasing its activation of cyclin D1, thereby hindering cyclin D1-mediated DNA replication initiation and transition into the S phase of the cell cycle [17]
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The presence of Nrf2 and its inhibitor Keap1 in plasma is associated with damaged vascular endothelial cell-, macrophage-and other cell-associated leakage secondary to the loss of cell membrane integrity due to lipid peroxidation following chronic inflammation and oxidative stress (Kasprzak et al., 2020), and Nrf2 and Keap1 in circulation are markers of severe inflammation and oxidative stress (Tu et al., 2019)
GLP-1 receptor agonist medications for obesity and type 2 diabetes treatment: a rapid review of changes in eating behaviors and eating disorder risk