iv) oxidative stress maybe involved in arrhythmogenic electrochemical processes
Venous Ulcers Cause: Venous hypertension and valve failure poor venous return Typical features: Location: medial gaiter area (ankle/lower leg), rarely toes Appearance: shallow, irregular edges Exudate: often heavy Skin changes: oedema, hyperpigmentation, lipodermatosclerosis Pain: mild to moderate, improves with elevation Management focus: Compression therapy (once arterial disease excluded) Skin care and oedema control Wound dressings to manage exudate Arterial Ulcers Cause: Peripheral arterial disease (reduced blood flow) Typical features: Location: toes, forefoot, heel, pressure points Appearance: punched-out, deep, often necrotic Exudate: minimal Skin changes: cool, pale, shiny, hair loss Pain: severe, worse at night or when leg is elevated Management focus: Urgent vascular assessment Revascularisation where possible Avoid compression until perfusion is confirmed Why this distinction is critical Compression heals venous ulcers but can destroy an ischaemic limb Debridement may be appropriate in venous ulcers but dangerous in arterial disease without blood flow Dressing choice, escalation, and prognosis differ significantly Key message Treating an ulcer without understanding its cause is treating blind
Increased absolute concentrations of intracellular NAD + links with activation of NAD + -dependent histone deacetylases (e.g., sirtuins) that also mediate epigenetic regulation of gene expression[40] and adipocyte physiology.[45] Similarly, increased intracellular concentrations of SAM, a universal substrate for SAM-dependent histone methyltransferases, could have profound influence on cellular epigenetic modifications, including transcriptional regulation and the expression of genes that regulate adipogenesis and/or thermogenesis promoting browning of adipocytes (e.g., PPAR, PRDM16, UCP1, Wnt).[4648] NNMT protein expression is relatively lower in the murine brown adipose tissue (BAT) compared to the WAT [37] and nnmt (a WAT-selective gene [49, 50]) gene expression has been reported to be lower in the BAT of HFD fed mice compared to normal chow-fed mice.[49] Furthermore, NNMT activity is significantly higher in the white fat compared to brown adipose tissue and the other organs (e.g., liver, lungs) in DIO mice.[16] Hence, treatment with an NNMT inhibitor in DIO mice may less likely impact BAT or other tissue NNMT activity, but could be speculated to modulate thermogenic/adipogenic genes in the WAT
Pedro Perez and his team are applying their advanced liposomal technology to glutathione , the body's master antioxidant
These can be helped with Vitamin B12 shots
