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Long-term results were published in Genetics in Medicine (2024)

Figure 1 shows the PRISMA flowchart

The lowered or nonexistent HO-1 expression within macrophages is linked to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, namely monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and IL-6

Polyphenols are one of the largest and most important classes of bioactive chemicals of plants, with two or more hydroxyl groups in the benzene ring [186]

Key genes modulated by GHK-Cu include: Genes encoding growth factors (FGF, VEGF, TGF-) Collagen and extracellular matrix proteins (COL1A1, COL3A1, ELN) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase) Cell adhesion and communication molecules Collagen & Extracellular Matrix Synthesis Collagen synthesis is fundamental to GHK-Cu's regenerative effects