M.et al (2017)
Under inflammatory conditions in vitro, GLP-1 suppressed the secretion of TNF--associated cytokines and chemokines in BV-2 microglia.95 Liraglutide also decreased activated microglia and astrocyte load in the brain induced by chronic inflammation in mice.96 Besides, liraglutide treatment prevented the neuroinflammatory process, promoting the production of anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL10, TGF, and arginase 1.97 In a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, liraglutide inhibited the polarization of pro-inflammatory microglia and promoted the polarization of anti-inflammatory microglia, diminished inflammatory cytokine expression, and decreased NF-B pathway activation.98 Similarly, exendin-4 also decreased the mRNA levels of IL-1 and TNF- in LPS-stimulated microglia, and significantly attenuated the activation of the NF-B signaling pathway.99 The anti-inflammatory effect of GLP-1 also occurs in diabetes-induced neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac082 2 TauberMHoybyeC
GLP-1 activity is associated with stronger satiety signaling and slower gastric emptying, which can reduce appetite-driven intake
Factors such as medical history, chronic illnesses, medications and exercise regimen can contribute to bone thinning
