glutathione reduced vs oxidized mat1a The Pivotal Role of One-Carbon Metabolism in Neoplastic Progression During the Aging Process no Glutathione disulfide GSH vs GSSG: Glutathione Redox

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Additional research is needed to clarify the relationship between GGT and thyroid disease [76, 77]

TGF--induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition in fibrotic diseases

Vitamin B12 There is four types of parenteral Vitamin B12 available: Cyanocobalamin 100 mcg/ml and 1000 mcg/ml best used as IM to prevent rapid loss via kidneys Hydroxycobalamin IM (compounded 1000 mcg/ml or more) known as long acting B12 (binds better to plasma proteins than cyanocobalamin) Methylcobalamin IV (compounded 1000 mcg or more up to 5000 mcg/ml) Adenosylcobalamin IV Common dose is 1000 mcg IM or IV Vitamin B12 as hydroxycobalamin is synthesized exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methylcobalamin = metabolically active form of Vitamin B12 Hydroxycobalamin is a chelator of cyanide and is used in cyanide poisoning Hydroxocobalamin is most generally used for vitamin B12 replacement therapy and is considered the drug of choice for vitamin B12 deficiency by the Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia (Sweetman, 2002) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Drugs

doi: 10.1080/21641846.2022.2124775 Summary Keywords myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, pathology, treatment, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria Citation Arron HE, Marsh BD, Kell DB, Khan MA, Jaeger BR and Pretorius E (2024) Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the biology of a neglected disease