Increased expression of the FMO3 gene could be a culprit in atherosclerosis and CVD.8 FMO3 may have adverse effects on blood lipids and glucose independently of TMAO formation, although more research is needed.15 Also, in the liver, trimethyllysine (TML), a modified amino acid, can be converted to GBB and then to carnitine and potentially to TMA and TMAO
With a high concentration of Glutathione, it helps to reduce melanin production, resulting in a brighter and more even-toned complexion
VPS34, a class III PI3K, produces phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate to recruit autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and initiate autophagosome nucleation (16)
doi: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2291855 29 HeJDingHLiHPanZChenQ
Medically reviewed by Faith Coleman , University of New Mexico School of Medicine on May 28th, 2026