doi:10.1002/jor.22831 Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A
Warburton DER, Bredin SSD
With consistent use, dark spots visibly fade, uneven tone becomes more balanced, firmness improves, and the complexion reflects refined luminosity supported by oxidative control and structural reinforcement, resulting in brighter, smoother, and more resilient skin sustained by regulated biological balance rather than temporary brightening
Furthermore, IS activates NF-B signaling, increasing pro-inflammatory factors such as cyclooxygenase-2, ROS, TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1, while suppressing antioxidant factors such as heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutase 2, through Nrf2 pathway inhibition, thereby disrupting intestinal homeostasis and promoting systemic inflammation in mice ( Figure 3 ) [116]
The two solutions were combined and vortexed for 20 seconds