vpa l carnitine L‐carnitine for valproic acid‐induced toxicity - Gziut - 2025 - British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Quantitative systems pharmacology Model to

Zearalenone and its metabolites, which are produced by certain fungi, can mimic estrogen and interfere with the bodys hormone production, potentially leading to issues like weight gain, infertility, and metabolic dysfunction

This interplay is partially mediated by neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene receptor peptide (CGRP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and/or cortical spreading depression (CSD) and involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome formation, activated microglia, and reactive astrocytes

Stress-inducing stimuli are perceived by the central nervous system (CNS), which affects the functioning of organs and physiological changes within them, while organs can directly affect the CNS

5 mg & 50 mg

doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.02.008 155 MalikM.SindhuR.DhullS