(vi) distal third of the stomach (the gastric or pyloric antrum)
Benefits: Non-invasive and convenient
intestinalis including gene products (highlighted in gray) contributing to the biosynthesis of glutathione [GCLC, GCLM, GSS, GGT1, xCT (SLC7A11)], its use as a redox buffer [GLRX, GPX1, GSR], and as a conjugate in phase II detoxification [GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTP1, MRP2 (ABCC2)], as well as known transcriptional regulators [NRF2 (NFE2l2), KEAP1, MAFF, BACH1, LXRA (NR1H3), FXR (NR1H4), and RXRA]
In animal studies, it has shown the ability to speed up healing in tendons, ligaments, and the gut lining, likely by encouraging the growth of new blood vessels and stimulating the cells that build connective tissue
Furthermore, Astragaloside IV reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and tumour necrosis factor- by modulating the Nrf2 signalling pathway