found that histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) promotes ferroptosis and osteogenic trans-differentiation of VSMCs, thereby accelerating vascular calcification in the context of CKD [116]
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Denig et al
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Persistent synovitis can induce VEGF production, promoting neovascularization and increased vascular permeability (143), which may facilitate the influx of iron into the joint cavity and subchondral bone and recruit additional immune cells, thereby intensifying local oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades (144)