Many of the benefits are lost when food is cooked, however
VK is a redox-active naphthoquinone (71,72), which can be converted into its corresponding hydroquinone VKH2 and is found mainly in the mature VK cycle (61,73)
Its formula is based on glutathione at a concentration of 600 ppm, a powerful antioxidant that reduces melanin production, the pigment responsible for dark spots, along with 2% niacinamide to support even skin tone and enhance radiance
Direct Effect on Skin Glutathione directly supports brighter skin, reduces pigmentation, and aids collagen and hydration, while NAC has a more indirect effecthelping maintain skin health by sustaining glutathione reserves
The most frequently used NP surface modifications include surfactants (e.g., the non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier polysorbate 80) or other ligands (e.g., MAbs, insulin, lactoferrin, and transferrin), which allow their binding to the corresponding receptors on endothelial cells that mediate the transcytosis process through membrane invagination