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In the field of delivery technology, targeting the unique joint anatomy and pathological environment of OA, developing biodegradable sustained-release carriers such as smart responsive nanogels, porous microspheres, or tissue engineering scaffolds is key to achieving long-term and controlled release of GPX4 genes, regulatory miRNAs or ASOs, or small molecule ferroptosis inhibitors at the lesion site ( Considering the multifactorial pathogenesis of OA, future research needs to prioritize conducting early proof-of-concept clinical trials to evaluate the feasibility and synergistic effects of locally applied ferroptosis inhibitors such as Fer-1 or GPX4 activators combined with existing conservative treatments including weight management, physical therapy, and NSAIDs or emerging cell and tissue engineering therapies
Taken together, these results suggest that nuclear localization of FOXO4 may contribute to Leydig cell senescence and the downregulation of testosterone synthesis
dr- [email protected] (A..) 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
Medical oversight, proper dosing protocols, and ongoing support significantly impact both safety and results
These are capable of creating OS [3], which is caused by an increased level of ROS or decreased level of antioxidants
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