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Throughout the pathological progression of autoimmune diseases, programmed cell death mechanisms such as autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis predominantly contribute to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction [8,9,10,11]

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Biologic response modifiers Abatacept (a T-cell costimulation blocker) Rituximab (an anti-CD20 B-cell depleting monoclonal Ab) TNF- inhibitor side effects: INCREASED RISK OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS (bacterial, fungal, viral) & LYMPHOMAS Activation of latent tuberculosis BIOLOGICS INCREASE INFECTION RISK The use of both traditional DMARDS (e.g