In the context of early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), topiramate significantly reduced the elevated levels of TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 induced by SAH, suggesting that topiramate may exert neuroprotection via its anti-inflammatory effects ( In an experimental model of abdominal aortic aneurysm, topiramate markedly downregulated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage activity, reduced the expression of TNF-, IL-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and promoted a phenotypic shift of macrophages from M1 to M2, thereby mitigating pro-inflammatory activity and enhancing tissue repair processes ( These studies collectively suggest that topiramate exerts significant neuroprotective effects across various pathological models through its potent anti-inflammatory properties
thus, it has the ability to decrease blood sugar levels in a glucose-dependent manner by enhancing the secretion of insulin
GLP-1 drives insulin secretion, satiety, and gastric emptying
When these radicals accumulate in the skin, they can inflict premature aging and various skin ailments by damaging cellular components such as DNA and lipids
Maes M, Maiter D, Thissen JP, Underwood LE, Ketelslegers JM
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