ROS are formed as a result of incomplete reduction of oxygen and can be produced by mitochondrial electron transport chains (ETC) and enzymatic reactions such as NADPH oxidases (NOXs) [31]
Integrated Systems: Combining Spirulina cultivation with other systems, such as wastewater treatment or biogas production, can create synergistic benefits
Damage of root tissue under Al stress Roots of Brassica exposed to 500 M concentration of metal showed a significant distortion throughout the epidermis indicating primary sensitivity to Al toxicity (Fig
Zhang et al., 2021) and melanocytes degeneration (Wang et al., 2015)
A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the risk of TB among populations living in slum settings, reported an odds ratio of 2.96 (2.843.09) for smear-positive TB among dwellers compared with national averages (Noykhovich, Mookherji, and Roess, 2019)