Cluster analysis (Figure S5B) demonstrated clear separation between groups: controls clustered with high Bacteroidota/Actinomycetota representation, ASD models formed a distinct Firmicutes-dominated cluster, and hCiPSCs-treated animals occupied an intermediate position
Locally, the surgical site releases alarmins or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1) and mitochondrial DNA, which activate the innate immune system, stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) mainly by monocytes and macrophages [97]
R.BurtonA
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The research team also recorded the frequency of adverse events and serious adverse events in both the primary study and the extended study [3]