Inhalation of nicotine from cigarettes has been demonstrated to increase ACE2 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells via -7-subtype of the nicotine receptors (7-nAChR), with a similar increase in ACE2 expression measured in patients with COPD (Wyatt et al., 2012
For our 2021 estimate, we employed a method of assumed similarity for countries with missing data, and averaged the prevalence of vaping across WHO regions, World Bank income classification groups, and the legal status of e-cigarettes in each country
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E-cigarette, or vaping, products (nicotine- or THC-containing) should never be used by youths, young adults, or women who are pregnant
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