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doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30272-0

Articles were excluded if they: (1) reported litter and cigarette butt densities using the items per meter unit, (2) lacked numerical data on cigarette butt density or the specific percentage among anthropogenic litter, (3) focused solely on public perception or smoking behavior, and (4) were conducted exclusively indoors or in controlled laboratory settings

And then there was the horror element

The last thing you want is the temptation of opening that pack of cigs up

And then it took about three years, and finally you do stop. He stopped, getting into rehab and then settling into a routine of attending weekly AA meetings as much as he could, because its good to go. Williams managed to maintain his sobriety for several years, through to the date of the Guardian interview, and onward until 2014, when he checked into rehab at the Hazelden center in Minnesota