On the basis of the current evidence Reference Talati, Bao, Kaufman, Shen, Schaefer and Brown6,Reference Thomson, Berk, Dodd, Rapado-Castro, Quirk and Ellegaard7,Reference Slyepchenko, Brunoni, McIntyre, Quevedo and Carvalho9 and a strong genetic correlation between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, Reference Ruderfer, Ripke, McQuillin, Boocock, Stahl and Pavlides11 we hypothesised that smoking is a causal risk factor for bipolar disorder
The metal tubes, which resemble real cigarettes, contain a cartridge filled with a nicotine-laced liquid that is vaporized by a heating element
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Cigarette smoking and psychiatric disorder in a community sample