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With these assumptions in mind, Equation 2 becomes Cons it = Smoke it * f(Trend t ) where f(Trend t ) represents the above-described linear function of smoking intensity and under-reporting

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111706 3 AraujoM

We excluded some meta-analyses from Cochrane reviews (e.g., bupropion, NRT) because they included some RCTs with active controls, and we applied a strict placebo or usual care control criterion

In 2024, rechargeable e-cigarettes captured the largest share at 41%, reflecting consumer preference for durability and cost efficiency

Health authorities have warned against tuklaw, an unregulated cigarette variant containing unknown and potentially toxic substances that may cause neurological effects