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The World Health Organisation's (29) guideline for the diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes by HbA1c has been used in this paper, with HbA1c equal to or above 48 mmol/mol classified as diabetes, HbA1c between 42 mmol/mol and 47 mmol/mol classified as pre-diabetes and HbA1c below 42 mmol/mol classified as non-diabetes

Data analyses Data analyses were performed by the metaanalyst (MWC) and the last author with the use of the Bayesian multivariate approach 23,24,26

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term, incapacitating respiratory disease that can make everyday life very difficult

Saliva from the hornworm causes a jasmonic acid transduction cascade leading to changes in flower phenology

Hinchey Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area Enhancement Act