Research shows that hookah smokers are at risk for oral, stomach, lung, and esophageal cancers, reduced lung function, and decreased fertility
Figure 1 Metagenomic DNA Extraction From Swab Samples Metagenomic DNA was extracted from the swab samples using DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen, MD, USA) as per the manufacturers instructions with minor modifications
Nicotine reaches the brain within 10, 20 seconds of inhalation, meaning these blood flow restrictions begin affecting your cerebral circulation almost instantly
2 A newer form of smokeless tobacco has recently been introduced in the United States: dissolvables
But smoking remains the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the U.S., responsible for some 480,000 deaths annually